(soft upbeat music) Effective communication can be the difference between a successful project and project failure. We have discussed various tools and techniques for project communication and where they can be applied. Now, let's look at specific communication skills and styles to help you be an effective communicator, and potential roadblocks to avoid. Some of the most common skills that project managers and managers in general use to communicate with their teams in an effective manner are active listening. This may be the most important skill in communicating with others. It's important that when listening, you're not already thinking about what to say next. Listen fully to others, confirm your understanding of what you heard by feeding it back to them. Then, take a moment to formulate a response, then respond. Inquiry. Asking the right questions to bring you clarity on what others are saying will improve your communication. There are several ways to inquire, so use your best judgment on how and what to ask. Teach. Educate your team to increase their knowledge about an applicable subject. This will make them more effective. Seek the facts. Always seek out facts to confirm or support information. Lay this responsibility on your project team as well. Expectations. It's important to manage expectations, because by doing so, your team knows exactly what's going on and what will happen in the future. And resolution. Conflict has a way of spreading rapidly. If two people on a project team are in conflict and if the conflict is not dealt with, it's only a matter of time before it spreads to others on the team. Use conflict resolution skills to ensure the disruption is resolved as soon as possible to avoid further disruption. There are several formal communication styles which can affect how your communication is received. Consider which of these to use at different times for different reasons. Authoritarian sets expectations and give specific guidance. Promotional cultivates spirit, team building, and development. Facilitating gives guidance when required, but, ultimately, does not interfere. Conciliatory is agreeable, but persists in building a compatible team. Judicial uses fair, sound judgment to mediate. Ethical is honest, fair, and by the book. Secretive is closed-off, not open or outgoing. Disruptive works to break up collaborations and unity. Intimidating lowers morale with a tough attitude. Combative is disagreeable and desires disputes. Roadblocks are things that can get in the way of having an effective dialogue with someone. It's best to be aware that you're not engaging in any of these. Hearing what you wanna hear as the receiver, rather than what's being communicated. This occurs often when people have been doing the same job for so long that they stop listening to what is being said to them. Sender and receiver having a different perception of the same thing. Consider that in contract negotiations, this type of roadblock could be devastating to your project, and you may not even know about it until it occurs. Receiver judging the sender before accepting the communication. In some cases, this is a good thing. Each time we instruct children not to speak to strangers, we're making a case for this. But doing this with people you work with can be counterproductive. Receiver disregards conflicting information and does what they want. Always be open to feedback, and if you don't agree with it, discuss it so that you and the sender have a mutual understanding of the communication. Words have more than one meaning. Be especially cautious of this when communicating with someone who has a different native language than you. The same words can have different meanings to people. Discuss differences and clarify immediately if you're not sure you understand someone's use of a word or phrase. And ignoring non-verbal communication. When face to face, we use our whole body to communicate. You should be looking for non-verbal communication from the other senders and be aware of your own non-verbal communication. If someone is uncomfortable or upset, they may never say it verbally, but it may show in their body language or facial expressions.